Rumor is the most primitive way of spreading stories- by passing them on from mouth to mouth. But civilized countries in normal times have better sources of news than rumor. They have radio, television and newspapers. In times of stress and confusion, however, rumor emerges and becomes rife. At such times different kinds of news are in competition: the press, television and radio versus the grape vine. Especially do rumors spread when war requires censorship on many important matters. The customary news sources no longer give out enough information. Since the people cannot learn through legitimate channels all that they are anxious to learn, they pick up 'news' wherever they can and when this happens, rumor thrives. Rumors are often repeated even by those whom do not belive the tales. There is a fascination about them. The reason is that the cleverly designed rumor gives expression to something deep in the hearts of the victims- the fears, suspicions, forbidden hopes, or daydreams which they hesitate to voice directly. Pessimistic rumors about defeat and disasters show that the people who repeat them are worried and anxious. Optimistic rumors about record production or peace soon coming paint to compacency or confidence and often to overconfidence.

The author suggests that rumors usually ______