1.1. The structure for a tertiary halogenoalkane is shown in Figure 1. X can represent either a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

Figure 1

With reference to bond enthalpy explain why the reaction with aqueous potassium hydroxide, KOH (aq), to produce a tertiary alcohol when X = F is the slowest.

1.2. Suggest a method to show how the rate of reaction is different for each molecule drawn in Figure 2 when they are reacted independently with aqueous potassium hydroxide.

Figure 2

1.3. Hydrogen halides, H-X, are formed from the reaction of hydrogen and a halogen, X₂. In solution hydrogen fluoride is classed as a weak acid, whereas HCl is classed as a strong acid.

Explain this difference.

1.4. Suggest a method different to your answer in part (b) that would enable a student to identify a hydrogen halide, H-X, when X could be Cl, Br or I.

Give one observation and one equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that will occur with one of the hydrogen halide compounds.