1.1. Smoking cigarettes is known to damage ciliated epithelial tissue in the airways. 

Explain the effect of damaged ciliated epithelial tissue on the gas exchange system. 

1.2. Fig. 1 shows the number of lung cancer deaths in men and women aged between 25 and 79 in the UK between 1970 and 2023.

Fig.1

(i) Compare the lung cancer death rates of men and women shown in Fig. 1.

[4]

(ii) Explain the advantage of calculating the death rate per 100 000 of the population.

[2]

1.3. Calculate the percentage change in death rates in men between the maximum number of deaths and the minimum number of deaths. Give your answer to two significant figures.

1.4. Fig. 2 shows the difference in lung tissue between a non-smoker (A) and a cigarette smoker (B).

Fig. 2

(i) Identify the lung tissue shown in Fig. 2.

[1]

(ii) Use Fig. 2 to explain how changes in the lungs might contribute to a reduction in the overall health of individuals who smoke cigarettes.

[3]