1.1. Ethanol has many uses such as industrial solvent and a raw material to produce a variety of compounds. It can be manufactured on a large scale by two different processes.

Give equations reagents and conditions for both of these processes.

1.2. Compare the two methods outlined in part (a) to manufacture ethanol. In your answer make reference to the atom economy, raw materials and the energy required.

1.3. The first production car that ran on biofuel was manufactured in Brazil in the 1970s.

Explain which method of production of the ethanol outlined in part (a) can be identified as carbon neutral.

In your answer explain what is meant by the term carbon neutral and give the extent to which your chosen process can be classed as carbon neutral.

1.4. Ethanol is converted to ethene only under harsh conditions, concentrated sulphuric acid at 450K. In contrast, 2-methylbutan-2-ol is dehydrated on treatment with acid at 298K. In this reaction, two products are formed.

i) Draw the skeletal formula of both products from the dehydration 2-methylbutan-2-ol.

ii) Explain why less extreme conditions are required for the dehydration 2-methylbutan-2-ol compared to the dehydration of ethanol.