1.1. The equation below shows hydrogen and nitrogen reacting together to form ammonia in equilibrium, as part of the Haber process. The enthalpy value for this reaction is -91 kJ mol^-1.

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) ⇌ 2NH₃(g)

Explain the effect, if any, of an increase in temperature on the value of K_p for this reaction if the volume remains constant and justify your answer.

1.2. Hydrogen is required for the synthesis of ammonia in the Haber process. The below equation shows how the hydrogen is produced by reacting methane and water vapour to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

CH₄(g) + H₂O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H₂(g)          ΔH = +206 kJ mol^-1

State the effect, if any, of an increase in temperature on the equilibrium constant, K_p and on the yield of hydrogen produced.

Explain your answer.

1.3. In the Contact Process for the production of sulfuric acid, purified sulfur dioxide and oxygen react together to form sulfur trioxide. The partial pressure of SO₂ was 24 kPa and the total pressure in the vessel was 118 kPa.

2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌  2SO₃ (g)      ΔH = -190 kJ mol^-1

Calculate the value of K_p, including units.

1.4. An equilibrium mixture of the three gases below is prepared in a container of fixed volume.

CO(g)   +   Cl₂(g)   ⇌   COCl₂(g)          ΔH = −108 kJ mol^-1

The reaction was repeated at a different temperature and the value of K_p increased.

State whether the temperature had been increased or decreased for the second reaction. Explain your answer.