1.1. The alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons. Their reactions include combustion, cracking and substitution. 

i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

[1]

ii) What is meant by the term saturated?

[1]

1.2. Separate: Chemistry Only

i) What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

[1]

ii) Calculate the mass of one mole of an alkane with 14 carbon atoms.

[2]

1.3. Extended Only

The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water only.

i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of nonane, C₉H₂₀.

[2]

 ii) 20cm³ of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with an excess of oxygen, 200 cm³. The mixture was ignited. After cooling, 40 cm³ of oxygen and 100 cm³ of carbon dioxide remained.

Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the equation for its combustion. All volumes were measured at r.t.p..

[3]

1.4. Cracking is used to obtain short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen from long-chain alkanes.

i) Give a use for each of the three products listed above.

 short-chain alkanes ..................................................

 alkenes ..................................................

 hydrogen ..................................................

[3]

 ii) Write an equation for the cracking of decane, C₁₀H₂₂, which produces two different alkenes and hydrogen as the only products.

[1]

1.5. Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only

Chlorine reacts with propane in a substitution reaction to form 1-chloropropane.

 CH₃–CH₂–CH₃ + Cl₂ → CH₃–CH₂–CH₂–Cl + HCl

i) What is the essential condition for the above reaction?

[1]

 ii) There is more than one possible substitution reaction between chlorine and propane.

Suggest the structural formula of a different product.

[1]