1.1. Describe one reason why congestion is an example of an external cost.

1.2. Who should have the flu injection?

Flu is an unpredictable virus that can cause mild or unpleasant illness in most people. It can cause severe illness and even death among vulnerable groups, including older people, pregnant women and people with other health problems. These groups may, therefore, receive a free vaccination in the UK, to ensure they are protected against the virus. Although most people receive their vaccination from a public sector doctor, the UK Government has to pay private sector pharmacies to also provide this service. The cost to the UK Government of funding these vaccinations is over £100m per year.

(Source: adapted from Link)

With reference to the data in ‘Who should have the flu injection?’ and your knowledge of economics, assess whether the cost to the UK Government of funding the flu vaccination can be justified.